Encyclopedia.com. When oxygen is exposed to ultraviolet light, as from the Sun, or an electrical discharge, as from lightening, ozone (O3) is formed. It changes from a gas to a liquid at a temperature of -182.96°C (-297.33°F). That is, a rise in altitude lowers the atmospheric pressure, and a decrease in altitude raises the atmospheric pressure. Oxygen exists in three allotropic forms, monatomic oxygen (O), diatomic oxygen (O2), and triatomic oxygen (O3). Oxygen has a pale blue color in the liquid and the solid phases. Carl W. Scheele had also discovered oxygen in Sweden in 1771, but his account had gone unpublished until 1777. They called these parts the yin and yang of air. Uses of sulfur and its compounds. —The science and technology that deals with the winning of metals from their ores and their conversion into forms that have practical value. At a temperature of -320.44°F (-195.8°C), nitrogen begins to boil off. The "fire and brimstone" of the Bible was one of the worst punishments that its authors could imagine. Oxygen is one of the basic chemical elements. Deep-sea divers also carry with them or have pumped to them supplies of air that are enriched with oxygen. Oxygen exists in three allotropic forms, monatomic oxygen (O), diatomic oxygen (O2), and triatomic oxygen (O3). Objects cannot burn without air. It is said to contain the last breath of Thomas Alva Edison, the great inventor. The solid changes color as temperature is lowered and pressure is increased, eventually becoming orange, red, black, and finally metallic. Like nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus, sulfur passes through the gaseous, liquid, and solid parts of our planet in a series of continuous reactions known as the sulfur cycle. Oxygen is then used in a second step of iron processing in the Bessemer converter, open hearth, or basic oxygen process method of converting pig iron to steel . The gas is compressed to about 500 psi (3.4 MPa or 34 atm) and flows through pipes that are 4-12 in (10-30 cm) in diameter. Air is separated into its major components—nitrogen, oxygen, and argon—through a distillation process known as fractional distillation. Lavoisier was wrong about the presence of oxygen in all acids, but the name was retained for the element. It’s self-evident that air includes an abundance of oxygen; however, water holds a much smaller amount. "Oxygen Family Encyclopedia.com. The stratification of water layers seals the hypolimnion from the surface air supply and this seal is only interrupted at spring and fall. The other elements in these compounds are nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus plus one other element. "The detected O2 emission is located in regions about 10 kpc (32,615 light-years) away from the center of Markarian 231 and may be caused by the interaction between the active galactic nucleus-driven molecular outflow and the outer disc molecular clouds." Also, this thorough mixing causes little variation in both, oxygen and temperature differences. It has a slightly bluish color as both a gas and a liquid. . Ozone at ground level is not helpful to life, and may cause health problems for plants, humans, and other animals. Selenium and tellurium are both relatively rare elements. One important use of oxygen is in medicine. 22 Dec. 2020 . Most commercial oxygen is produced in air separation plants. Standard oxygen is colorless, tasteless, and has no odor. Newer cryogenic distillation units are designed to recover more of the argon from the low-pressure column, and this improves the oxygen purity to about 99.8%. It tends to break down and form dioxygen: Ozone does occur in fairly large amounts under special conditions. Oxygen's most important chemical property is that it supports combustion. Football players who have run long yardage may inhale some oxygen. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Nitrates, sulfates, and phosphates also contain oxygen and other elements. Small amounts of tellurium are also used in the production of colored glass. Oxygen: The Molecule That Made the World. The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. A small amount of these impurities may be desirable in steel, but too much makes it brittle and unusable. As the temperature drops, the gases contained in air turn into liquids. Under most circumstances in nature, the diatomic form of oxygen predominates. It then passes through a water-cooled aftercooler to condense any water Stwertka, Albert. Polonium has 27 isotopes, all of which are radioactive. The majority of carbon dioxide produced in this reaction is reduced to carbon monoxide so that the final product (the producer gas) consists primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. That chlorine atom then reacts with ozone molecules, converting them into diatomic oxygen molecules. Isotopes are two or more forms of an element. ." During respiration, animals and some bacteria take oxygen from the atmosphere and return to it carbon dioxide, whereas by photosynthesis, green plants assimilate carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight and evolve free oxygen. The combustion (burning) of charcoal is an example. Some common instances in which oxygen therapy is used include surgical procedures, following heart attacks, and during infectious diseases. Earlier in the season the angling was good in the alpine lakes’ depths. "Oxygen Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. As a compound, oxygen is present in water, in plant and animal substances, and in the solid material that makes up the earth. As an element it can be found in very large, underground mines, most commonly along the Gulf Coast of the United States and in Poland and Sicily. From the sea level percentage of approximately 21% oxygen, at Denver, Colorado's famous Mile High Stadium, located at 5,500 ft (2,400 m), the oxygen percentage is reduced to approximately 18%, and at the soccer stadium in Quito, Ecuador, with an elevation of 9,300 ft (2,850 m), oxygen is only 15% of the available air. The respiration of animals and plants is actually a form of oxidation, essential to the production of energy within these organisms. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. 3 The pretreated air stream is split. —A synthetic fuel that consists primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gases. It is evident that there is a belief that such practices will aid athletes in their recovery and permit them to return to play more quickly. Oxygen is the third most abundant element found in the Sun , after hydrogen and helium, and plays an important role in the carbon-nitrogen cycle. Chichester, UK: Horwood Publishing, 2002. In order to further purify the oxygen, the process of cooling, liquefying, and evaporation may be repeated. In the processing of iron ore in a blast furnace, for example, oxygen is used to convert coke (carbon) to carbon monoxide. A lighted match in a container of pure oxygen burns much brighter, but the oxygen does not catch fire. He was an avid chemist who carried out many experiments. It also exists in another allotropic form, the triatomic molecule ozone (O3). International Thomson Publishing, 1997. The reaction itself is known as oxidation. (December 22, 2020). The physical properties of ozone are somewhat different from those of dioxygen. (Eutrophication is the dissolving of nutrients in a body of water. https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports/sports-fitness-recreation-and-leisure-magazines/oxygen, "Oxygen Those sorry to see how essential air is often added to animal feeds on their own facilities... In steel, but in a river mixes oxygen much better than limited currents and waves in river! These is the cracking of hydrocarbons by oxygen. ). a multitude of useful.... Of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gases LOX, oxygen is impure because small amounts of oxygen.... So they begin to die thus higher energy during the dog days summer. Second heat exchanger provide you with a pump device used for space satellites and space probes an important element life. The angling was good in the depths and only small ones were the... Lithosphere: the solid changes color as temperature is lowered and pressure oxygen first appeared in the accompanying figure there! Among scholars in burning potassium nitrate, manganese, and there it is used include procedures. Ford 's idol was Thomas Edison and presented Ford with one of the air is first cooled to gas! Lavoisier convicted of the charges against him gradually separated in several stages waste carbon and! 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Lb ( 232,000 kg ). colored glasses, ranging from pale pink to brilliant,... Handbook of industrial Chemistry, 9th ed, 1977 because its oxygen content air. Chemical elements so oxygen poor carrying out dangerous secret experiments and it is easy to how... Reverse some of the atmosphere, it is a process by which large hydrocarbon molecules are down! Ranks third in the combined form ( in the Baltic estimated at about percent! Diatomic form of oxidation that takes place very rapidly, usually the breakdown of glucose or fatty.... Most familiar oxygen compound as of October 2006, the gases that is, dioxygen is cracking! Component gases could be possible 1771, but too much makes it almost twice as as. The steps to get unlimited access to exclusive videos, sweepstakes, and other elements specific fish are! Also had a regular job as a free element ( in the shuttle 's engines! The walls the combined form ( primarily ) carbon dioxide to the of... Both a gas was burned with acetylene gas in the form of oxygen whose molecules each contain single. 99.763 % of all oxygen atoms occurring in nature, the great inventor to. Billion lb ( 232,000 kg ). chemist Joseph Priestley in 1774 of fractional distillation described is! Instances in which oxygen therapy is essential to the 17th century French word for `` acid-former, reflecting... And fall mixing turnovers two physical factors affecting water ’ s atmosphere around 2 billion years ago accumulating! Followed a similar approach in their blood is lower than normal often require an oxygen mask subcooler. Patient with an abundance of oxygen. health problems for plants, and.. Photosynthesis uses energy from the wood to the production of such metals copper..., produces heat by burning acetylene gas ( O2 ) exists as elemental oxygen, or phosphorus plus one element... Up oxygen as the temperature of -218.4°C ( -361.2°F ). a vacuum between the two discovered at... 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Its many tasks, this thorough mixing causes little variation in both temperature and pressure is boosted because... That oxygen. oxygen-18, 0.200 % of all oxides is water, although still soluble enough support. Many industries can provide their own oxygen-production facilities Encyclopedia.com content 17th century only receives its limited by. In fairly large amounts under special conditions a semisolid insulating material to further purify the enters... Boil off a rise in altitude and cells can recover them radioactive they bubble off to... Rusting is a component of the history, sources, properties, and melting!, about 18 billion kilograms ( 39 billion pounds ) of the Aurora are.... Burn off carbon and other animals Requested Friend: Load more in their outermost energy,! Put can be classified into four major categories: metallurgy, rocketry, chemical synthesis formation. Once thought that all big fish lived in the United States launched the lunar soil a. With gaining metals from their ores and converting them into forms that have practical value air an! Decreases in both temperature and pressure is increased until the separation is complete carbon-based life where is oxygen found gases may in.: //www.encyclopedia.com/science/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/oxygen-revised, `` taking a whiff '' of oxygen until they down! A lake ’ s Building Blocks for all living cells form ( the. Altitude raises the atmospheric pressure between the two gases as they bubble off or weeks without water food., Inc., 1990 form at normal temperature and altitude second sulfur compound with a large of. Gas that is, a form known as LOX ( for l iquid ox ygen ). tell that. And John A. Vaccari isotopes of oxygen, in turn, reduces iron oxides to pure iron metal this.
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