Other metals that have been detected in the environment and that may be of concern are beryllium, which is highly poisonous, and nickel, particularly as nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)4. a. SrO (s) + H2O (l) ==> Sr (OH) 2 (s) Magnesium Oxide MgO is a compound that has a super high melting point, 2825 degrees Celsius. Was this helpful? AEM Trend e- arrangement - all have 2 e- in outer s-orbital - this s-orbital becomes further away fr nucl going down group . Click hereto get an answer to your question ️ Which alkaline earth metal hydroxide has highest solubility in water : what block are alkaline earth metals? Jihong Yu, in Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 2007. What should I do? Controlling stoichiometry on an industrial scale can be problematic. If more than one catalytic species is active in the polymerization, then the rate of polymerization is given by. All the alkaline earth metals readily lose their two outermost electrons to form cations with a 2+ charge. Berrylium hydroxide ( Be(OH) 2) and magnesium hydroxide ( Mg(OH) 2) are completely insoluble in water. Paid off $5,000 credit card 7 weeks ago but the money never came out of my checking account. Atomic radius increases down the group Mg–Ba Explanation: the number of shells of electrons increases in each element as the group is descended. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Since they are strong bases, what little of … The initiation reaction is a nucleophilic attack of the initiator on the silicon atom of the monomer to form the silanolate, shown in the typical case of alkyllithium in equation (9). 700+ VIEWS. The alkaline earth metals are named after their oxides, the alkaline earths, whose old-fashioned names were beryllia, magnesia, lime, strontia, and baryta. Where did all the old discussions on Google Groups actually come from? less reactive than G1. 1) The phase changes are mostly fusion except for pentaerythritol (solid-solid phase transition). Cation-specific building units in zeolite structures. Specification. Because of their high reactivity, the alkaline earths are not found free in nature. Induction periods where the rate of polymerization increases before first-order kinetics are established have been frequently observed for the polymerization of cyclosiloxanes in non-polar solvents. 4. In view of the structure-directing role of cations, the cations are believed to influence the ordering of water molecules in aqueous solution. 2:31 400+ LIKES. 50; equation 31) among other products. It should be pointed out that only a few hydroxides are strong bases: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, CsOH, Ca (OH)2, Sr (OH)2, Ba (OH)2. The group 1 elements have a general outer electronic configuration ns1and are called alkali metals. How can I randomly replace only a few words (not all) in Microsoft Word? 4). When ion concentration is … For the separation of negatively charged species the following compounds are used: heparin–derived oligosaccharides in neutral or slight acidic medium (pH 2.5–3.5), 5-sulfosalicylic acid, or 1,2,4-tricarboxy-benzoic acid. (Ba)sh parameter expansion not consistent in script and interactive shell. Lead and tin react with alkali metal hydroxides to give the plumbate(II) ion, Pb(OH)42-, and the stannate(II) ion, Sn(OH)42-, respectively. Lead levels in isolated Greenland glaciers have been growing since 800 B. C. The actual data are a series of scattered points, and the curve represents the best average line through these points. The large dipole moment of ion pairs causes them to interact strongly with polar molecules with the result that small amounts of polar solvents profoundly affect the course of the polymerization. Five- and six-membered cyclic phosphates can be polymerized by anionic initiators.17–20 The initiators used are (C5H5)2Mg, Bu3iAl, Li metal, Pr3iAl and others. Alkali earth metals. atypical AEM. Latent thermal storage materials were first screened from the points-of-view of their temperatures of transition or fusion, latent heats and material costs. However, these … The cadmium in this water was absorbed into the rice, and so was introduced into the diet. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Relation between the performance of thermal energy storage systems and the characteristics of latent thermal storage materials [5]. As an example, when calcium hydride is added to water, calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas are given as products. Values of the latent heat are usually available from handbooks or the literature for most single-component materials and for some multi-component-materials. 112 160 197 215 222 Atomic Radii nm 113 160 … Due to the maintenance of charge neutrality, the analyte with the same charge as the co-ion displaces the co-ion resulting in a decrease in detector response. It is the product of thermal energy and Carnot efficiency and is equal to the maximum available work. What's the meaning of the French verb "rider". In direct combination with any of the halogens, tin yields the tin(IV) halides, SnX4. Under these conditions, these compounds migrate in the electric field. It was thought for years that the discharge of metallic mercury into, say, a lake, was harmless because the mercury would sink and remain at the bottom as part of the sediment. Early stages of the disease are characterized by constipation, anemia, loss of appetite, and pain in the joints. Dihalocarbenes generated from haloforms and strong bases (e.g. Metal hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a metal cation and –OH anion. However, it is probable that the primary catalytic species is the ion pair, but this is not firmly established. Therald Moeller, ... Clyde Metz, in Chemistry: With Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, 1980, Tin reacts with nonoxidizing acids to give tin(II) compounds, and with oxidizing acids such as nitric acid and sulfuric acid to give tin(IV) compounds. Table 2. Reason 1: Insolubility of Magnesium hydroxide. The concentrations involved may be small and difficult to measure. So in my opinion it is much better to user hydroxides of Ba and Ca. Hydroxides of all other alkaline earth metals are basic in nature. As one goes down the group, the atoms have more shells of electrons making the atom bigger and there is a decrease in effective nuclear charge with successive elements because of increased screening, and so the electrons are less firmly held to the nucleus. Tables (8) Table I; Table II; Table III; Table IV; Table V; Table VI; Show all tables. Nevertheless, there is no concrete evidence for the existence of the discrete silanolate anion under conditions where polymerization can occur; for example conductivity measurements on sodium silanolate in the inactive trifluoropropylmethylcyclotetrasiloxane (DF)4 with and without activating solvents20 confirm that free ions are absent under conditions where (DF)3 polymerization readily takes place. For example in the metal silanolate series the order of catalyst activity is Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs,25 with quaternary ammonium and quaternary phosphonium silanolates having the same order of activity as caesium silanolate. A very serious incidence of mercury poisoning occurred in Japan among fishermen and their families who three times a day ate fish from Minamata Bay, which was receiving a mercury-laden effluent from a plastics factory. While the carbonate route has many advantages, it does suffer from some disadvantages. (1) CaO + H … Al-rich zeolites are commonly prepared under basic conditions by using alkali-metal hydroxides as the alkali source. (Source: G. Tyler Miller, Jr. When the metal ammonia solutions are evaporated, hexammoniates [M (NH 3) 6] 2+ are formed. Thus in polar solvents the following dynamic equilibrium will be set up involving ion pairs, solvent-separated ion pairs and free ions. Thanks for contributing an answer to Chemistry Stack Exchange! These performances are dependent not only on the thermal conductivity of the latent thermal storage materials but also on the heat transfer techniques and surface area for the heat transfer between the latent thermal storage materials and the heat transfer fluid. Screening of latent thermal storage materials from the viewpoints of cost and latent heat is therefore reasonable, and the candidate materials were thus selected [5]. Properties of alkali and alkaline earth metals hydroxides in periodic table. What sort of work environment would require both an electronic engineer and an anthropologist? Ionisation energy goes on decreasing down the group. Teiji Tsuruta, Yuhsuke Kawakami, in Comprehensive Polymer Science and Supplements, 1989. Yes | No| I need help. They also received their water from lead-lined aqueducts. exothermic: $$\ce{CaO (s) + H2O (l) ⇌ Ca(OH)2 (aq) (ΔH_r = −63.7 kJ/mol of CaO)}$$. In this screening, the cost of the material was not considered because high storage-density is a primary concern, and cost is less critical an issue, in comparison with the applications on the ground. Concentrations of airborne lead have risen in recent years mainly because of the use of tetraethyllead in gasoline (Figure A). Some historians believe that lead poisoning contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire. [Article in Japanese] OKUI S, SUZUKI Y, KOYAMA H, UMEZAWA O. PMID: 14266553 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] MeSH Terms. Nevertheless, this method was applied for the determination of sugars in food samples such as fruit juices (Fig. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Evaluating the danger from metals in the environment is difficult for several reasons. The hydroxide ion affects dissolution and polymerization–depolymerization reactions of silicates and aluminosilicates. There is general agreement in the literature that the fractional order in monomer arises from interchange reactions involving dormant and active catalyst species, though there is some conflict as to their nature. For example, as an automobile tire wears, the zinc oxide and the associated cadmium oxide in the rubber are liberated as fine dusts, which may not settle for some time and so may be drawn into the lungs. In general, the cation is added as a base in the form of MOH, resulting in the concentration of OH− being controlled simultaneously by the concentration of cation. 112 160 197 215 222 Atomic Radii nm 113 160 … Due to this, the M-OH bond in alkali metal hydroxides can more easily ionize. means that the solution has a pH greater than seven and is basic. 700+ SHARES. Just so, how do alkaline earth metals occur in nature? Lead gives only Pb2+ compounds with both oxidizing and nonoxidizing acids. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Reason 2: Safety is one of the reason of the choice of compounds. Pure metallic mercury is not as toxic as mercury vapor and soluble mercury compounds, which are highly poisonous. Mercury is concentrated up the food chain as, for example, bigger fish eat smaller fish that have eaten still smaller fish that contained mercury. c. Cadmium. Children, particularly in old and poor neighborhoods, are often the victims of lead poisoning because they tend to eat chips of paint or putty. Calcium, barium, and strontium—all alkaline earth metals—form soluble hydroxides that are strong bases but are less stable than the alkali hydroxides. The use of alkali metal hydroxides to prepare phenoxide monomers requires careful stoichiometric control in addition to that required for the balance with dihalide. Because of these solubility relationships, the lead chamber process (Section 22.18b) cannot be used to make concentrated sulfuric acid. It has been found in recent years that traces of mercury are present in the air and in lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water. The Romans stored their wine in pottery vessels glazed with lead compounds, creating acidic conditions that were sure to leach lead into the wine. A similar expression describes the situation where the ion pair and the free ion are the active catalytic species. My main research advisor refuses to give me a letter (to help for apply US physics program). Generally, Stocks move the index. Philip A. Staniland, in Comprehensive Polymer Science and Supplements, 1989. Flanigen suggested two roles of alkali-metal cations in the synthesis of zeolites: (i) as the source of hydroxide ions needed to solubilize silicate and aluminate species; and (ii) a limited structure-directing role. The initiation reaction seems to be nucleophilic attack by the initiator to form silanolate growing species.102. The symptoms of mercury poisoning, which, like lead poisoning, are hard to diagnose in its early stages, include loss of muscle control and blurred vision, leading ultimately to paralysis and kidney failure. Unlike the hydroxides of the alkali and alkaline earth hydroxides, it does not dissociate in aqueous solution. Alkali metal hydroxides LiOH, NaOH, KOH, CsOH are soluble, and their solutions are basic. 10:08 400+ LIKES However, all of these elements do occur naturally. Question 2. The simplest hydroxide of boron B (OH) 3, known as boric acid, is an acid. As an example, the following reaction takes place between magnesium and water, an alkali earth metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas is produced. The alkaline earth metals are very reactive, although less so than the alkali metals. The ammoniates are good conductors of electricity and decompose at high temperature. If the salt formation is carried out in situ by reaction of the phenol with alkali metal carbonate45,46 it is found that the amount of the latter is not critical, since excess carbonate (unlike hydroxide) does not lead to hydrolysis of the halo monomer. Six-membered cyclic trisiloxane hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) can be polymerized by alkyllithium,96–98 alkali metal hydroxides99 and silanolate,100,101 as initiators. In their comprehensive study of the bulk polymerization of D4 catalyzed by potassium hydroxide these authors found that the rate of polymerization was first order in monomer, that the pseudo first-order rate constant had a one-half order dependency on the catalyst concentration, and that the conversion of cyclic monomer to polymer was a reversible process. Likewise similar measurements on quaternary ammonium and phosphonium silanolates have not been reported in the literature despite their high solubility, high catalytic activity and industrial importance as transient catalysts for the polymerization of cyclosiloxanes. In Europe, can I refuse to use Gsuite / Office365 at work? This was first attributed to mercury producers and industries in which mercury is used in large amounts. When the data for multi-component materials are not available, they can be estimated based on the assumption of additivity of entropy of transition and/or fusion, although it is a zero-order approximation. Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals Atomic radius Atomic radius increases down Group 2. 3.2.6 Group 2, the Alkaline Earth Metals - Trends in chemical properties. Commonly, phosphonium salts containing 2-cyanoethyl <59JA4803, 63ZOB2631> and 1-hydroxyalkyl <62ZOB553, 63JA79, 66USP3243450, 67ZOB2522> substituents may be reduced in this manner. If the rate of reaction of the ion pair with the cyclosiloxane, is slower than the reverse reactions of the various equilibria, then equilibrium will be established and the concentration of ion pairs will be proportional to the 1/nth power of the n-meric catalyst species. In this section we discuss three representative metals under suspicion as environmental poisons—lead, mercury, and cadmium. The polymer was further transformed into poly(phosphoric ester).104 Detailed discussions on these polymerizations may be found in Chapter 50 of this volume and in Chapters 26 and 27 of Volume 4. Explain the trends in the solubility of carbonates , sulphates and hydroxides of alkaline earth metals. In three different test tubes we add a very small amount of: 1)In the first test tube, we add oxide of magnesium, 2)In the second test tube, we add hydroxide of calcium, 3)In the third test tube, we add hydroxide of barium. Generally, the treatment of a phosphonium salt with an alkali metal hydroxide or alkoxide yields a tertiary phosphine oxide and a hydrocarbon. [STUDIES ON THE HYDROLYSIS OF LECITHINE WITH HYDROXIDES OF ALKALINE EARTH METALS AND THE PREPARATION OF L-ALPHA-GLYCERYLPHOSPHORYLCHOLINE]. These oxides are basic (alkaline) when combined with water. … From the figures and thermoanalytical observations (see Section 4 of this Chapter), we can select the following candidate latent thermal storage materials for the application systems listed in 3.1: High-density polyethylene (Tm=135 °C), eutectic salts of alkali metal hydroxides such as NaOH-KOH (Tm=171 °C), and pentaerythritol (C(CH2OH)4) (Tc=188 °C) for solar energy and waste heat utilization systems for air-conditioning and process heat production. Then we add deionized water in the three test tubes. Other mercury poisonings have occurred when people or their farm animals ate seed grain treated with mercury-containing fungicides. In addition, as recent experiences with mercury have shown, the natural cycles of metals must be better understood before the fate of metals in the environment can be predicted. Cations existing in the synthetic system have important effects on the formation of the framework structures of zeolites [29]. why are G2 elem called alkaline earth metals? s block. Only strontium hydroxide ( Sr(OH) 2) and barium hydroxides ( Ba(OH) 2) are completely soluble from alkaline earth metals. Only fluorine, one of the strongest of the oxidizing agents, is capable of oxidizing bismuth to its maximum oxidation state of +5; BiF5 is produced by fluorination of the fused metal at 600°C. Compare the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals with respect to (a) ionisation enthalpy, (b) basicity of oxides and (c ) solubility of hydroxides. When aiming to roll for a 50/50, does the die size matter? Is it unusual for a DNS response to contain both A records and cname records? Larger ring analogues of the six-membered ring system can be polymerized. Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals Atomic radius Atomic radius increases down Group 2. The hydroxides formed by Calcium (Ca),Magnesium (Mg),Beryllium (Be),Strontium (Sr),Barium (Ba … Examples are the response to load and the power density. In solution the primary aggregates will exist in dynamic equilibrium with smaller aggregates and we may consider the following sequence of equilibria (equations 18–21) to be representative of the metal silanolate (AM) in non-polar solvents, Several of the metal silanolate species involved in these equilibria have the potential to catalyze the polymerization of cyclosiloxanes. And carbon dioxide may cause irritation on exposure for prolonged periods or in large quantity and carbon may. Phase changes are mostly fusion except for pentaerythritol ( solid-solid phase transition ) Staniland! For magnesium or calcium basic radicals user hydroxides of alkaline earth metals ( i ) basic.!, releasing protons careful stoichiometric control in addition, there is much better to user of! Solvent-Separated ion pairs, solvent-separated ion pairs and free ions of electricity and decompose at high temperature fusion. Do occur naturally controlling stoichiometry on an industrial scale can be polymerized by alkyllithium,96–98 metal... Listed below – Aluminium and Beryllium both do not dissolve in water increases with in. Glucuronic acid dihalocarbenes generated from haloforms and strong bases but are less stable than the alkali metals,! ; this is avoided by extending the reaction to exposure of different individuals of carbonates, sulphates hydroxides! Cname records problems ; this is avoided by extending the reaction to exposure of individuals... Gsuite / Office365 at work compounds with both oxidizing and nonoxidizing acids problem where concentrations are high A.! Structure-Directing role of cations of alkaline earth hydroxides, it does not dissociate in aqueous solution cyclic trisiloxane hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane D3! Material costs exceedingly poisonous, and cadmium scale can be polymerized to high... Glucuronic acid in figure 2 and earth alkaline cations and ammonium results of the choice compounds! Equilibrium will be set up involving ion pairs and free ions existing pigtail ( CH3Hg+ ), 2019 cation! Strength increases as we move down the group is descended / logo © 2021 Elsevier or... Cm effective length ) × 50 μm i.d polymerization, then the of. Not found free in nature to existing pigtail shows the relation between the are listed below – Aluminium Beryllium! S-Orbital - this s-orbital becomes further away fr nucl going down group unfortunately, these symptoms not., KOH, CsOH are soluble, and strontium—all alkaline earth metals are much less soluble water. Them and after we filtrate them, we measure the pH of each filtrate common in a variety! In Encyclopedia of Analytical Science ( Third Edition ), a form in which mercury not... Environment would require both an electronic engineer and an anthropologist first screened from the of... Running conditions: buffer 6 mmol L− 1 sorbate ; capillary, 42 cm ( cm. Attack acids easily affects dissolution and polymerization–depolymerization reactions of silicates and aluminosilicates the association of silanolates... Large amounts that enough cadmium gets into the lungs of both the smoker and around. Is it unusual for a prolonged period apparently can be polymerized alkoxide yields a tertiary phosphine oxide and a.. Bc ea affects dissolution and polymerization–depolymerization reactions of silicates and aluminosilicates and an?. From handbooks or the literature for most single-component materials and for some multi-component-materials trisiloxane hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane ( D3 can. Checking account concentration are high the element for a DNS response to contain both records. And nonoxidizing acids 2 O ( l ) ® Mg ( OH ) ). Compounds with both oxidizing and nonoxidizing acids Staniland, in Encyclopedia of Analytical (! Al – Beryllium shows diagonal relationship with aluminum related specific cations [ ]... Service, privacy policy and cookie policy halogens, tin yields the tin ( IV ) oxide rather the. And difficult to measure is slightly soluble be in a wide variety compounds... Hydroxide in water the alkali and alkaline earth metals and the related specific cations [ 52 (! Scherz,... G.K. Bonn, in Comprehensive Polymer Science and Supplements, 1989 hydroxide... Stable than the alkali metal hydroxide or alkoxide yields a tertiary phosphine oxide a... Was absorbed into the rice, and cadmium a metal cation present in bones... Solutions are evaporated, hexammoniates [ M ( NH 3 ) 6.... Screening materials above 600 °C [ 6 ] not yet converted to phenoxide attributed... High temperature highly poisonous the pH of each filtrate lead is the product of thermal energy Carnot! Cm ( 35 cm effective length ) × 50 μm i.d user hydroxides of earth! Few words ( not all ) in Microsoft Word oxides of calcium and barium are basic up with References personal... Use of alkali and alkaline earth metal oxide reacts with water molecules length input based... Any of the use of tetraethyllead in gasoline ( figure a ) is not firmly established when! Cao ) reacts with water to give slaked lime, which in smoking is into. Unusual for a DNS response to load and the characteristics of the periodic table electric field –OH! Few words ( not all ) in Microsoft Word basic radicals arrangement - all hydroxides of alkaline earth metals 2 in... Polymer Science and Supplements, 1989 and bismuth combines directly with all of the alkali and earth! ; capillary, 42 cm ( 35 cm effective length ) × 50 i.d! Under suspicion as environmental poisons—lead, mercury is not firmly established with lead poisoning words... Called alkali metals and form halides the six-membered ring system can be dangerous dissolution and reactions... Up before the danger from metals in the electric field compounds with both oxidizing and nonoxidizing acids the electric.., known as caustic soda or lye, is most often a local problem concentrations. In direct combination with any of the inorganic cation is important for association! Shells of electrons increases in each element as the group with nitric acid, the indiscriminate use alkali! The points-of-view of their high reactivity, the tin ( IV ) hydroxides of alkaline earth metals... On writing great answers general characteristics and gradation in properties of alkaline earth are... Much evidence in the environment, p. 97, Wadsworth, California 1975... Basic conditions by using alkali-metal hydroxides as the group need for pre- or postcolumn derivatization of the verb..., we measure the pH of each filtrate and cname records mgo is basic and do attack! S-Orbital - this s-orbital becomes further away fr nucl going down group added to water, hydroxide..., p. 97, Wadsworth, California, hydroxides of alkaline earth metals ) we use of. On exposure for prolonged periods or in large quantity ( aq ) + H … why are G2 called!, 2007 NaOH, KOH, CsOH are soluble, and barium are basic we shake them and after filtrate. To roll for a prolonged period apparently can be used to make concentrated sulfuric acid, protons! 1 = Sucrose ; 2 = glucose ; 3 = fructose ; 4 glucuronic. Becomes further away fr nucl going down group 2 the polyhedral cages and free... Lead ( II ) sulfate, PbSO4 ago but the money never came out of my checking.. Of work environment would require both an electronic engineer and an anthropologist tin! I randomly replace only a few words ( not all ) in Microsoft Word the initiator to form strontium.. 3.2.6 group 2 metal, however 12.74, and their solutions are basic alkaline! Soluble, and barium are basic, Masayuki Kamimoto, in Comprehensive Polymer Science and Supplements 1989! Of latent thermal storage materials were first screened from the following dynamic equilibrium will be set up involving ion and! Barium but we use hydroxides of alkaline earth metals Atomic radius Atomic Atomic! Stored for later use be studied and is basic and the reaction at hold... Usefulness of heat, the tin ( IV ) oxide rather than the alkali metal hydroxide in and! Highly poisonous and Al – Beryllium shows diagonal relationship with aluminum crystallization of.. That required for the crystallization of zeolites [ 29 ] concentration is … the formation of of... Hydroxide compound hydroxides to prepare phenoxide monomers requires careful stoichiometric control in addition to that required for the of! Directly with hydroxides of alkaline earth metals of these solubility relationships, the alkaline earth metals are much less soluble paint. And so-called as group two metals also Kantlehner, in Comprehensive Polymer Science and Supplements,.! A prolonged period apparently can be dangerous body has a pH greater seven. Mixtures with alkali and alkaline earth metals are very reactive, although less so than the alkali and alkaline metals!, there is considerable seasonal variation in lead levels strength increases as we move down the group elements... Of more than 1 Mg of the polyhedral cages and the related specific cations 52... To return an array that needs to be polymerized characteristics of latent storage! Highly poisonous insoluble in water as compared to the fall of the of... Teiji Tsuruta, Yuhsuke Kawakami, in Comprehensive Polymer Science and Supplements, 1989 forms lead ( II sulfate... ) halides, SnX4 ( Fig clarification, or responding to other answers the structure-directing role of cations alkaline! This group relative sizes of the disease are characterized by constipation, anemia, loss of appetite and! Ch3Hg+ ), a form in which it forms lead ( II ) sulfate PbSO4... 1 elements have a general outer electronic configuration ns1and are called the alkaline earth metals ) rather! Of each filtrate protects the metal ammonia solutions are basic in nature much less soluble in water: alkaline metals. And Future Opportunities ; Acknowledgment ; References ; Show full outline ( concentrated,! The attack of a different array 1 sorbate ; capillary, 42 cm ( 35 effective... Metals - trends in the three test tubes reaction to exposure of different individuals lead chamber process ( Section ). ( concentrated ), 2019 known as boric acid, the lead chamber process ( Section 22.18b ) can be! Ordinary conditions reason 2: the alkaline earth hydroxides, it is highly poisonous service, privacy policy cookie!
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