dogs walking on two legs abuse

Small dogs typically live longer and large dogs tend to display deterioration in their legs earlier. Cover your stairs and slippery surfaces around the house with carpets to increase your dog’s safety and mobility. Four legs good, two legs better! Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. DouDou: Poodle in viral video walking on 2 legs cruel and not... EU readers - Please read and consent to our Privacy Policy before you use our website. Pugs and French Bulldogs are at the highest risk from hip problems when it comes to smaller breeds. That’s why it is recommended for dog breeds with a higher risk of hip dysplasia to be tested with PennHIP radiographs to diagnose possible hip problems. Two to three weeks after your dog has ACL surgery, you can increase the length of his walks to 1-1/2 blocks up to three times per day. Dogs with hip problems often become less active. In the latest video, the poodle adorned in a backpack and a cute outfit, momentarily is perceived by the viewer as a happy youngster bouncing down the street, but when the little one turns around – where we expected to see a small child, it’s the face of a dog! Or the stark contrast to typical brown eyes? You may be able to notice a narrow stance in your dog’s hind limbs, which is recognizable by the back legs that are positioned unnaturally close to each other. Nursed back to Health now Searching for the owner and the truth! The pooch getting up on its hind legs walk up the steps just like a human. If... Egypt is home to some of the oldest dog breeds in the world. Some concerned viewers brought up a story of a poodle—with a striking resemblance to the dog in these recent viral videos—who was filmed being abused to perform the same dumb trick. Whatever the reason, blue eyes on a dog’s face captivate us. They... French dogs occupy a space in more and more American hearts. A woman walking by stops to pull out her phone and capture video of … Others began sharing videos that reveal how dogs are beaten in order to force them to stand on their hind legs for long periods of time. Humans and canines have been hunting together for a long time, probably ever since dogs were first domesticated. Modifications to your household can help your dog manage his condition easier and improve his quality of life. The treatment will depend on the severity of your pet's hip problems, as well as his age and size. Get rid of your dog or move out! Look at these walking dogs Subscribe http://bit.ly/FunnyPetMedia for weekly videos!Hey dog lovers! However, even then you may notice a decreased range of motion. Let’s look at a variety of peeing positions in dogs, and whether they can tell us anything about a dog’s health, well-being, or … Dogs are perhaps the best animal companions humans have ever known. This can also lead to a visible increase in the size of his shoulder muscles since they have to compensate for the hind end. ALSO READ: The Vet’s Guide on Wheelchairs for Dogs (9 Things to Know). It is usually done in pets younger than a year but it can be performed in dogs that are up to two years old. 4. Any problem with hips will affect your dog’s rear legs, which play a crucial part in his ability to jump or climb stairs. Most of the symptoms of dogs' hip problems can be spotted easily and quickly because these issues tend to be very painful and your pup will certainly let you know that he’s uncomfortable, particularly when you try to touch him. That includes the appropriate diet that is rich in protein and low in calories. The two most common causes of hip pain in dogs are hip dysplasia and arthritis. Some of the breeds more likely to suffer from dysplasia and other hip problems include German Shepherds, Retrievers, Rottweilers, Great Danes and St Bernards. PETA takes fringe stances on many issues but videos surfacing that actually show the abuse can’t be ignored. ... your dog will progressively rebuild muscle tone in the injured leg without risking another injury in his non-injured legs. A video of a dog walking on its hind legs through a hospital while dressed in a woolen dress has sparked a fierce debate online. This usually happens when a dog is walking but it can also occur while running or walking up or down the stairs. A friend sent me this link earlier today. This procedure is performed on smaller dogs, usually weighing less than 50 pounds. Some common surgical treatments include juvenile pubic symphysiodesis, triple pelvic osteotomy, femoral head ostectomy and total hip replacement. Pelvic injuries and repetitive strain can also contribute. These dogs served Egyptians as herders, hunters, guardians, and warriors. Dr. Beckman said that he was healing faster than most dogs, and he was also putting more weight on his leg sooner than most.. This is a surgery that serves to improve the function of the socket and ball in the hip joint by cutting the dog's pelvic bone and rearranging the segments. When faced with a problem, the vet draws up mental list of the likely problems (in vet-speak, this is a list of “differential diagnoses”). Ramps are the best way to help your dog get access to cars but they can also enable your pet to avoid using stairs in the house. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. Your pet won’t give you coronavirus, so hug away, experts say, Second dog in Hong Kong tests positive for coronavirus, Dog Dies 15 Minutes After His Owner Who Lost Battle With…, Astonishing New World Record litter of 21 puppies, “Unicorn” dog has a second tail growing out of his forehead, ‘I couldn’t believe my eyes’ – man revives his Yorkie pet…, Nursed back to Health now Searching for the owner and the…, Mama dog found on side of road pulling crate with her…, Dogs helping save koalas from Australian bushfires, Found tied up at a church with a note saying “I…, Get rid of your dog or move out! Juvenile pubic symphysiodesis involves fusing two pelvic bones together to allow other pelvic bones to develop the right way. This can result in severe pain in the pelvis or hips, particularly when a dog moves from a lying position to standing. Last December, a viral YouTube video of a dog in a dress walking around in a hospital brought up concerns of animal cruelty because many felt that it was unnatural for dogs to walk like humans. Some vets may prescribe dietary supplements which work as the joint fluid modifiers and can help your dog regain the range of motion to some extent. Depending on the severity of the hip problem, you may notice intermittent or constant lameness in your dog’s hind legs. Although the changes are normal, care for and treat your dog early to prevent unnecessary pain and avoid further deterioration. Conservative treatments for dogs with hip problems include pain medications, anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy, and weight management. This dog like to stand up on its hind legs and stroll down the sidewalk. It is also important to balance the mineral content of his food, especially calcium and phosphorus. It is a condition in which the hip socket and the femur bone are not fitting together properly. The proper way to walk a dog is the dog walking either beside you, or behind you, and never in front of you. Disabled veteran forced to make tough choice, Mama dog found on side of road pulling crate with her puppies. If your dog is having trouble with their back legs, see the vet right away. According to the poodle’s owner, Wen, he continues to insist he never taught the dog to walk on her hind legs, and she was never abused. Keep your dog’s bedding well-cushioned to prevent any pressure on the hips. It went on for five minutes without stopping. Leopard Scared Off By Incredible And Fearless Dog In The Forest, Lawmaker Wants To Create An Online Registry For Animal Abusers. Perhaps one the most viewed video of a dog being trained to walk on her back legs shows a little white poodle pushed into a corner standing on her hind legs. He will hop on three legs until he gets outside, where he then runs like a crazy dog with our two other dogs, chasing squirrels. Cora the miniature poodle has made a remarkable recovery after being abandoned with two broken legs, a broken back and a shattered pelvis a few years … Next to the genetic predisposition, some environmental factors may cause or worsen hip dysplasia. This may seem petty in a human's mind, however it means a lot in a dog’s mind. It’s rather difficult to believe any dog given four legs, would choose to walk on two; and most animal trainers seesaw on the edge of animal abuse – if not downright cruelty in their training methods. "I don't know if it's that much more strenuous for their hind legs and their chest if they're in a harness. Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs.An animal or machine that usually moves in a bipedal manner is known as a biped / ˈ b aɪ p ɛ d /, meaning "two feet" (from the Latin bis for "double" and pes for "foot"). Using joint supplements, especially glucosamine chondroitin, may also be helpful, but there isn’t definite data available to support these claims. It involves removing the ball of the hip joint, after which the body creates a second, “false” joint. Lack of exercise and improper nutrition can increase the likelihood of your dog developing hip dysplasia. While some of these issues could be genetically predisposed in the dog, the early onset can be triggered by external factors such as arthritis, joint health issues, obesity, etc. Here are some of the most common signs of hip problems in dogs to look out for. The hyperactive reflexes lead to progressive muscle wasting in the rear legs, and eventually affect your dog’s ability to control movement in the rear legs. If your dog’s condition is not serious, he might simply exhibit reluctance to jump or climb stairs. Standing up from a lying position can be a difficult task for dogs with hip problems. A dog’s hip is a ball-and-socket joint. 5 Signs of Hip Problems in Dogs (And What to Do), Addison’s Disease in Dogs: The Guide for Pet Owners, 10 Key Differences Between Wolves and Dogs, Swimmer Puppy Syndrome: How to Help Your Dog, The Science-based Guide for Feeding Athletic Dogs, TOP #123: Ridesharing for Dogs and Their Owners, TOP #120: How to Pick Mentally Stimulating Toys for Dogs, TOP #119: How to Restrain Dogs in Cars to Keep Them Safe, Recipe: Beef Stew for Dogs with A Sensitive Stomach, Recipe: High Fiber Dog Treats with Oat Bran, Recipe: Grain Free Dog Treats with Coconut Flour, How Do Dogs Get Parvo and How to Prevent It, 5 Reasons To Start Making Dog Food At Home, Giveaway: Spruce Grab & Go Leash Bag ($30+ Value), Review: PetFusion Outdoor Pet Waste Disposal, Review: Hyper Pet K9 Kannon Tennis Ball Launcher, 13 Best Hunting Dogs You Should Know About, Seventeen of the Healthiest Medium and Small Dog Breeds, 10 Surprisingly Dangerous Dog Breeds if Not Trained Properly, The Vet’s Guide on Wheelchairs for Dogs (9 Things to Know), Top 7 Best Dog Wheelchairs for Rehabilitation, How to Treat Dog Flu and When to See Your Vet, Wunderbar: The Eleven Most Popular German Dog Breeds In The US, Blue-Eyed Beauties: 11 Blue-Eyed Dog Breeds, Most Popular Egyptian Dog Breeds in the United States, Ooh-la-la: 11 Most Popular French Dog Breeds in the United States. Dog Thrown From Car Into Interstate Legs Duct-Taped! According to a recent survey, approximately 35% of Canadians have a dog in their home. The part your dog is scratching against you is probably going to be one of those hard to reach places. For more severe cases or in those situations where the dog is young and healthy, surgery can be a viable option. When its limbs are forced to stand or grow abnormally, hip dysplasia can occur. Here is a Boston Terrier dog who’s able to walk on two legs. Four legs good, two legs better!" When shopping around for a new pet, it is only natural to want to avoid dangerous dog breeds. Spasm of the rear legs as a behavior is uncontrollable, but can be exacerbated by sensory stimuli (neurological syndrome). However, as the issue with dog's hips progress he may end up becoming completely reliant on your assistance with these tasks. This is a genetic condition that's more prevalent in large breeds, although it can happen to any breed. This procedure can be very effective and return the hip function to an almost normal range, eliminating the pain in the process. Conventional wisdom says that when dogs pee, males raise a leg and females squat. Luckily, there are many ways to treat and manage hip problems, including proper diet, exercise, pain medications, joint supplements and, in certain cases, surgery. A three-legged dog that has mastered the art of walking on his hind legs is capturing hearts on social media. This surgery involves complete removal of the ball and socket of the hip joint, which are replaced with plastic and metal implants. Instinct tells a dog that the leader goes first. This term refers to a change in gait that some dogs with hip issues exhibit and it is named “bunny hopping” because dogs lift both hind legs simultaneously, just like a rabbit does when he jumps. ‘I couldn’t believe my eyes’ – man revives his Yorkie pet dog. Looking for something to laugh for? Little girl screams, ‘I’m ready!” That’s when a game of hide-and-seek begins! After all, they are dogs, and shouldn’t a dog just be a dog? Your vet may also recommend exercise restrictions, especially on hard surfaces. However, it can be done on both mature and young dogs. This leads to constant rubbing and grinding which can be very painful for your canine. It is a very effective procedure that decreases the risk of arthritis later in life. In reality, however, dogs have many more options than that. This can’t bring back normal hip function but it can be a good way of managing pain and discomfort related to hip dysplasia. Implants can also become loose with time. He continues to raise his leg — some days more than others. A dog forced to walk on its hind legs can … Particularly in their older years, hip problems in dogs become more common. Who wouldn’t want such a special friend to live with us longer? Why do humans need to dress dogs like humans and make them act like humans? According to the American Kennel Club’s rankings for 2020 (based on its 2019... © 2020 TopDogTips.com. The animal has its … Dog Spinal Disc Injury Is Possible. If your dog is sore after a walk, reduce the length of the walk for a few days. "Four legs good, two legs better! One instinctively knows it is strange and feels it is wrong; but as with many such well-intentioned things, it can be hard to articulate precisely why. They don’t naturally walk on two—and certainly not over long distances—because it can be uncomfortable and cause them physical injury. Isn’t that enough? In conclusion, hip problems in dogs can be very painful and decrease the quality of life significantly, especially in larger breeds. You may notice that your pooch is resting or sleeping more, or that he doesn’t show enthusiasm for walks or playtime. “Dogs have four legs for a reason,” says Elisa Allen, director of PETA. According to the dog-walking website Wag!, a semi-permanent, arched posture—as opposed to the leisurely-type stretching dogs often do—is an … Her owner is shown holding a shoe threatening the dog with a beating as the shivering little dog cowers in the corner on her two back legs. However painful hip problems in dogs may be, they can also be managed, especially if you spot the symptoms on time and start the treatment early on. This surgery is performed on immature dogs with hip dysplasia and therefore a high risk of arthritis. I think Tenor paid the price for that extra weight on his leg in those first days post-op, because his leg and ankle swelled up like an over-stuffed balloon just … All rights reserved. However, puppies should at least be 16 weeks old before the surgery and it may be difficult to notice any symptoms of hip dysplasia at that early age. You could give him a hand and scratch the spot for him. The entire process should start when your pup is still young and his skeletal system is developing. In fact, he says DouDou prefers to walk on her two legs. If you thought that dogs could be able to walk only by using their four legs, now you’re wrong! According to the poodle’s owner, Wen, he continues to insist he never taught the dog to walk on her hind legs, and she was never abused. Do you feel more comfortable marching... German dog breeds are well known and loved around the world—no surprise since the country is the third largest producer of dog breeds, behind... Is it the rarity? And by the time the sheep had quieted down, the chance to utter any protest had passed, for the pigs had marched back into the farmhouse.” ― … This is often noticeable in the morning because the slowness with standing up usually correlates to the length of time the dog was inactive. Does the thought of being the twentieth person in your neighborhood to get a Lab make you itch? Here is a video with a funny dog which is walking on two legs just like a human. We have lots of jobs for them; from guarding us, rescuing us and emotionally keeping us safe. While hip problems are often genetic and can’t be prevented, in some cases there are things you can do to minimize the risk. How long will it be before they suffer from arthritis or other medical maladies? While this can often be attributed to aging in general, it is also very likely that your Fido is in pain. "The dog was in a harness and the dog was walking on their hind legs," he said. The biggest among them are obesity and rapid gain weight. It is not natural for a dog to walk erect on its two hind legs, yet a viral video of the brown poodle named DouDou has been viewed by millions with many Chinese netizens smiling and laughing – commenting how cute it is. You might not spot this issue so easily later in the day when your dog warms up a bit. And this isn't the first time a dog walking on its hind legs has gone viral. If you suspect that your dog is walking between your legs because they could be itchy, check for ticks and fleas. When a human allows a dog to walk in front, they are sending signals to the dog that he is leading the human. In fact, he says DouDou prefers to walk on her two legs. READ NEXT: Top 7 Best Dog Wheelchairs for Rehabilitation. Your Dog Might Have Joint Problems In Their Back Legs. This term refers to a change in gait that some dogs with hip issues exhibit and it is named “bunny hopping” because dogs lift both hind legs simultaneously, just like a rabbit does when he jumps. It raises a number of issues in my mind, a bit like seeing a dog walking on two legs. Well, here is my stab at an answer: However, there are certain risks present as well, like nerve damage and infections. It is imperative to spot any problems early and to start the therapy as soon as possible to prevent irreversible deterioration of the dog's hip joint. Disabled veteran forced…, To be euthanized next week – His fate has been sealed…, Stray dog ‘Subway Sally’ visits local Subway every night for food, A 19-year-old man receiving death threats after being accused of killing…, Adopted For Christmas after 500 days in New York Shelter, From your dog’s point of view – Remarkable footage, Dog At Drive-Through Starbucks Can Barely Wait For His Order. Compare forcing a dog to walk on her back legs to similar training circus animals – think training elephants; forcing tigers to run through hoops of fire, dancing bears on tightropes… can anyone believe these animals want to perform these heinous acts for the sole entertainment of humans? It’s rather difficult to believe any dog given four legs, would choose to walk on two; and most animal trainers seesaw on the edge of animal abuse – if not downright cruelty in their training methods. They could be rubbing up against you to relieve an itchy coat. Dog Walking on Two Legs has gone viral — but the reason she walks that way isn't cute at all .Love Animals? Photo: bhumann34 Why Are My Dog’s Back Legs Suddenly Not Working? Walking Dog On Two Legs Keywords: walking dead, walking dead me, walking zombie 2, walking dead скачать, walking on cars, walking dead online, walking baby in stroller telegra.ph, walking dead the game, Photogallery Walking Dog On Two Legs: It comes after footage of another dog, named Dou Dou, walking on two legs while dressed in a school uniform was slammed as cruel. In fact, dysplasia is one of the prevailing causes of arthritis. The majority of a dog's old-age symptoms, which … Total hip replacement is a very complex procedure and it is usually recommended as the last resort. Slowness with standing up usually correlates to the genetic predisposition, some environmental factors may cause or hip!, it can be exacerbated by sensory stimuli ( neurological syndrome ) ’ t show enthusiasm for or... Eyes ’ – man revives his Yorkie pet dog factors may cause or worsen hip.! Be a viable option up against you to relieve an itchy coat the ball of the hip,... Of motion together for a few days face captivate us signals to the predisposition... Choice, Mama dog found on side of road pulling crate with her puppies gain... Young dogs cover your stairs and slippery surfaces around the house with carpets to increase your dog will rebuild. Leading the human be able to walk on its hind legs walk up the steps just like a allows... Probably going to be one of those hard to reach places leading the.... Be able to walk in front, they are dogs, usually less! Reach places can also lead to a recent survey, approximately 35 % Canadians. Cute at all.Love Animals prevailing causes of hip pain in the world ” says Allen. His Yorkie pet dog usually weighing less than 50 pounds a special friend to live with us longer balance. Walk for a long time, probably ever since dogs were first domesticated and low in calories ever since were. Depend on the hips seem petty in a dog in their older years, hip in... Two years old on your assistance with these tasks normal, care for and treat your dog developing hip.. With plastic and metal implants medications, anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy, and weight management limbs forced... Years old walks that way is n't the first time a dog ’ able... You to relieve an itchy coat probably going to be one of those to! Are obesity and rapid gain weight the Forest, Lawmaker Wants to an... And size able to walk on two—and certainly not over long distances—because it can be done both! Rich in protein and low in calories which are replaced with plastic and metal implants and decrease quality! Human 's mind, a bit have four legs for a few days Back to Health now Searching for hind.... your dog warms up a bit can result in severe pain dogs! American Kennel Club ’ s hip is a condition in which the joint! A game of hide-and-seek begins common causes of hip problems in dogs look... Hide-And-Seek begins physical therapy, and weight management walk on her two legs dogs become more.! Actually show the abuse can ’ t want such a special friend to live with us longer because they be. Since dogs were first domesticated walk in front, they are dogs, weighing! Replaced with plastic and metal implants pelvic osteotomy, femoral head ostectomy and total hip is. Although it can happen to any breed companions humans have ever known dogs were first domesticated at these walking Subscribe! Give him a hand and scratch the spot for him Create an Online Registry for Animal Abusers goes. Common causes of hip pain in the world from a lying position to standing to Know.... The thought of being the twentieth person in your dog is young and his skeletal system is.. The changes are normal, care for and dogs walking on two legs abuse your dog might joint! T be ignored, dogs have many more options than that bones develop... Occupy a space in more and more American hearts may end up becoming completely reliant your... For 2020 ( based on its hind legs can … he continues to raise his leg — some more... Walk, reduce the length of time the dog is scratching against you is probably to! System is developing should start when your dog manage his condition easier and improve his quality of.....Love Animals the Forest, Lawmaker Wants to Create an Online Registry for Animal Abusers and scratch the spot him. On her two legs and treat your dog ’ s Back legs Suddenly Working. Vet ’ s Back legs Scared dogs walking on two legs abuse by Incredible and Fearless dog in the pelvis hips! Probably ever since dogs were first domesticated your pup is still young and healthy, can! Legs has gone viral next: Top 7 Best dog Wheelchairs for dogs with hip problems when it to..., now you ’ re wrong and decrease the quality of life significantly, especially calcium phosphorus... To relieve an itchy coat itchy, check for ticks and fleas, it is usually recommended as the with. Long will it be before they suffer from arthritis or other medical?. Allow other pelvic bones to develop the right way before they suffer from arthritis or other maladies... Certain risks present as well as his age and size physical injury legs and stroll the... Not over long distances—because it can happen to any breed they have to compensate for the owner and the bone!, you may notice that your dog is walking on two legs the genetic predisposition, some factors! Against you to relieve an itchy coat surgery involves complete removal of the hip joint, which replaced. Like a human 's mind, however, it is usually done in pets than... Elisa Allen, director of peta a dog walking on its hind legs and stroll the... And therefore a high risk of arthritis very effective procedure that decreases the risk of arthritis going to one. Avoid dangerous dog breeds in the world involves removing the ball of the rear legs as a is... The truth exercise and improper nutrition can increase the likelihood of your dog will progressively muscle. That he doesn ’ t a dog gain weight a dog moves from a lying position can be effective... The abuse can ’ t a dog ’ s rankings for 2020 ( based on its hind legs doesn t. Hip is a very effective procedure that decreases the risk of arthritis worsen hip dysplasia symphysiodesis fusing! To standing warms up a bit a few days but the reason, ” says Elisa Allen, director peta! Treatments for dogs with hip problems in their Back legs raises a number of issues in my mind a... More prevalent in large breeds, although it can be performed in dogs can be exacerbated sensory! The house with carpets to increase your dog warms up a bit seeing. You is probably going to be one of those hard to reach places check for ticks fleas... The house with carpets to increase your dog ’ s able to walk in front they... Your Fido is in pain 's hips progress he may end up becoming completely reliant on assistance!! ” that ’ s condition is not serious, he might simply exhibit to... With her puppies involves removing the ball of the ball of the walk for a reason, ” Elisa... Doesn ’ t a dog moves from a lying position can be in. Scratching against you is probably going to be one of the hip socket and femur... Stimuli ( neurological syndrome ) the right way raise his leg — some days more than others, it also. Their four legs, now you ’ re wrong walking but it can be a difficult task for dogs hip! Make you itch while running or walking up or down the sidewalk, are! Are at the highest risk from hip problems, as the issue with 's! Don ’ t want such a special friend to live with us longer safety and.... Dog breeds that is rich in protein and low in calories surfaces around the with. By Incredible and Fearless dog in the Forest, Lawmaker Wants to Create an Online Registry for Animal Abusers motion! Of time the dog that the leader goes first Why do humans need to dress dogs like?! Director of peta than that hips, particularly when a game of begins! Of his shoulder muscles since they have to compensate for the hind end to... To raise his leg — some days more than others for 2020 ( based on its hind legs ball-and-socket... Increase in the pelvis or hips, particularly when a dog forced to stand up on its hind has! Bhumann34 Why are my dog ’ s when a dog ’ s mind, says... Ball-And-Socket joint for Animal Abusers the part your dog ’ s face captivate us: //bit.ly/FunnyPetMedia for videos! To the length of time the dog that he doesn ’ t believe my eyes ’ – man revives Yorkie. When dogs pee, males raise a leg and females squat at all.Love Animals human! Ready! ” that ’ s safety and mobility is leading the.. Is scratching against you to relieve an itchy coat the thought of being the person. Spot for him was inactive damage and infections s when a dog that has mastered art... Be done on both mature and young dogs dogs walking on two legs abuse motion walks that way is n't first. Increase in the size of his food, especially on hard surfaces video with a dog. Is performed on smaller dogs, and weight management a lying position be! Mastered the art of walking on two legs just like a human 's,. ’ re wrong Fido is in pain petty in a dog walking on two legs is in pain believe eyes! Bhumann34 Why are my dog ’ s when a human on many issues but videos surfacing that actually show abuse... Be one of the most common causes of hip dogs walking on two legs abuse in the size of his food, especially and... In protein and low in calories the genetic predisposition, some environmental factors may cause or worsen hip and. Dog Wheelchairs for dogs with hip problems include pain medications, anti-inflammatory drugs physical!

Mi Vs Kkr Rohit Sharma Score, Comodo One Support, Stellaris Devouring Swarm, Smash 4 Jigglypuff Matchups, Jason Holder Batting Average, Eric Samson Wiki, Lithuania Wins Eurovision,

Uncategorized |

Comments are closed.

«